The number of triangle-free (labelled) simple graphs on the vertex set $\{1, \dots, n\}$.
Instances For
The number of subgraphs of a finite simple graph $G$ is at most $2^{|E(G)|}$, since each subgraph corresponds to a subset of $E(G)$.
Upper bound on the number of triangle-free graphs derived from the container theorem: for every $\varepsilon > 0$ there is $C > 0$ such that $\#\{\text{triangle-free graphs on }[n]\} \leq n^{C n^{3/2}} \cdot 2^{(1/4 + \varepsilon) n^2}$.
The bipartite graph on $\{0, \dots, n-1\}$ with bipartition $\{0, \dots, \lfloor n/2 \rfloor - 1\} \sqcup \{\lfloor n/2 \rfloor, \dots, n-1\}$ whose edges are determined by the chosen subset $S$ of the bipartite edge set. Used as the lower bound construction matching $2^{n^2/4}$ triangle-free graphs.