Documentation

Atlas.GeometryOfManifolds.code.ConnectionsCurvature

def ChernForm {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) :
R

Generating polynomial for Chern forms: $\det(I + t\,\Omega)$ where $\Omega$ is the curvature matrix.

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    structure Connection (Sections : Type u_1) (FormsWithValues : Type u_2) (Functions : Type u_3) [AddCommGroup Sections] [Module Sections] [AddCommGroup FormsWithValues] [Module FormsWithValues] [Ring Functions] [Module Functions Sections] [Module Functions FormsWithValues] (dfSmul : FunctionsSectionsFormsWithValues) :
    Type (max u_1 u_2)

    A connection $\nabla: C^\infty(M, E) \to \Omega^1(M, E)$ on a vector bundle: an $\mathbb{R}$-linear map satisfying the Leibniz rule $\nabla(f\sigma) = df \cdot \sigma + f \nabla \sigma$.

    • nabla : SectionsFormsWithValues
    • nabla_add (σ τ : Sections) : self.nabla (σ + τ) = self.nabla σ + self.nabla τ
    • nabla_smul_real (c : ) (σ : Sections) : self.nabla (c σ) = c self.nabla σ
    • leibniz (f : Functions) (σ : Sections) : self.nabla (f σ) = dfSmul f σ + f self.nabla σ
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      noncomputable def Connection.trivial :
      Connection fun (x x_1 : ) => 0

      The trivial zero connection on $\mathbb{R}$, serving as a base example.

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        def Connection.add {Sections : Type u_1} {FormsWithValues : Type u_2} {Functions : Type u_3} [AddCommGroup Sections] [Module Sections] [AddCommGroup FormsWithValues] [Module FormsWithValues] [Ring Functions] [Module Functions Sections] [Module Functions FormsWithValues] {dfSmul : FunctionsSectionsFormsWithValues} (conn : Connection Sections FormsWithValues Functions dfSmul) (B : SectionsFormsWithValues) (B_add : ∀ (σ τ : Sections), B (σ + τ) = B σ + B τ) (B_smul_real : ∀ (c : ) (σ : Sections), B (c σ) = c B σ) (B_linear : ∀ (f : Functions) (σ : Sections), B (f σ) = f B σ) :
        Connection Sections FormsWithValues Functions dfSmul

        The space of connections is an affine space: adding an $\mathrm{End}(E)$-valued one-form $B$ to a connection $\nabla$ gives a new connection $\nabla + B$.

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          def Connection.covariantDeriv {Sections : Type u_1} {FormsWithValues : Type u_2} {Functions : Type u_3} {VectorFields : Type u_4} [AddCommGroup Sections] [Module Sections] [AddCommGroup FormsWithValues] [Module FormsWithValues] [Ring Functions] [Module Functions Sections] [Module Functions FormsWithValues] {dfSmul : FunctionsSectionsFormsWithValues} (conn : Connection Sections FormsWithValues Functions dfSmul) (eval : VectorFieldsFormsWithValuesSections) (v : VectorFields) (σ : Sections) :
          Sections

          The covariant derivative $\nabla_v \sigma$ of a section $\sigma$ along a vector field $v$, obtained by evaluating $\nabla\sigma \in \Omega^1(M, E)$ on $v$.

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            def MetricCompatible {Sections : Type u_1} {FormsWithValues : Type u_2} {Functions : Type u_3} {OneForm : Type u_4} [AddCommGroup Sections] [Module Sections] [AddCommGroup FormsWithValues] [Module FormsWithValues] [Ring Functions] [AddCommGroup OneForm] [Module Functions Sections] [Module Functions FormsWithValues] {dfSmul : FunctionsSectionsFormsWithValues} (conn : Connection Sections FormsWithValues Functions dfSmul) (metric : SectionsSectionsFunctions) (dFunctions : FunctionsOneForm) (pairNablaLeft : FormsWithValuesSectionsOneForm) (pairNablaRight : SectionsFormsWithValuesOneForm) :

            A connection $\nabla$ is metric-compatible with a metric $\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle$ iff $d\langle \sigma, \sigma'\rangle = \langle \nabla\sigma, \sigma'\rangle + \langle \sigma, \nabla\sigma'\rangle$.

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              class MatrixFormAlgebra (R : Type u_1) extends Ring R :
              Type u_1

              A ring $R$ equipped with a differential $d$ satisfying $d \circ d = 0$, abstracting the exterior derivative on matrix-valued forms.

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                structure CurvatureTensor (Sections : Type u_1) (VectorFields : Type u_2) (EndSections : Type u_3) [AddCommGroup Sections] [AddCommGroup EndSections] :
                Type (max u_2 u_3)

                The curvature tensor $R^\nabla: \mathfrak{X}(M) \times \mathfrak{X}(M) \to \mathrm{End}(E)$, which is antisymmetric in its two vector-field arguments.

                • R : VectorFieldsVectorFieldsEndSections
                • antisymm (U V : VectorFields) : self.R U V = -self.R V U
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                  theorem gauge_transformation_curvature {R : Type u_1} [Ring R] (d : RR) (g g_inv A A' dg : R) (hg_left : g_inv * g = 1) (_hg_right : g * g_inv = 1) (h_gauge : g * A' = A * g + dg) (h_d_add : ∀ (a b : R), d (a + b) = d a + d b) (h_leib_gA : d (g * A') = dg * A' + g * d A') (h_leib_Ag : d (A * g) = d A * g - A * dg) (h_dd_g : d dg = 0) :
                  d A' + A' * A' = g_inv * (d A + A * A) * g

                  Gauge transformation law for curvature (Proposition 2): under a change of frame $g$ with $g \cdot A' = A \cdot g + dg$, the curvature transforms as $dA' + A' \wedge A' = g^{-1}(dA + A \wedge A) g$.

                  noncomputable def chernScalar :

                  The Chern normalization constant $\frac{i}{2\pi}$ appearing in $c(E,\nabla) = \det(I + \frac{i}{2\pi} R^\nabla)$.

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                    def totalChernForm {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) :
                    R

                    The total Chern form generating polynomial: $\det(I + t\,\Omega)$ for a curvature matrix $\Omega$.

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                      @[simp]
                      theorem totalChernForm_def {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) :
                      totalChernForm curvMatrix t = (1 + t curvMatrix).det

                      Unfolding lemma: the total Chern form equals $\det(I + t\,\Omega)$ by definition.

                      noncomputable def totalChernFormWithScalar {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) :
                      R

                      The total Chern form $c(E,\nabla) = \det(I + \frac{i}{2\pi} R^\nabla)$, using the standard normalization constant $\frac{i}{2\pi}$.

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                        theorem totalChernFormWithScalar_eq_totalChernForm {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) :

                        Definitional equality between totalChernFormWithScalar and totalChernForm evaluated at $\frac{i}{2\pi}$.

                        structure VectorBundleChernData (𝕜 : Type u_1) [NontriviallyNormedField 𝕜] (E : Type u_2) [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] (H : Type u_3) [TopologicalSpace H] (I : ModelWithCorners 𝕜 E H) (M : Type u_4) [TopologicalSpace M] [ChartedSpace H M] (F : Type u_5) [NormedAddCommGroup F] [NormedSpace 𝕜 F] (V : MType u_6) [TopologicalSpace (Bundle.TotalSpace F V)] [(x : M) → AddCommGroup (V x)] [(x : M) → Module 𝕜 (V x)] [(x : M) → TopologicalSpace (V x)] [∀ (x : M), IsTopologicalAddGroup (V x)] [∀ (x : M), ContinuousSMul 𝕜 (V x)] [FiberBundle F V] (r : ) (R : Type u_7) [CommRing R] [Algebra R] :
                        Type (max (max (max u_2 u_4) u_6) u_7)

                        Bundle of data required to define Chern forms on a vector bundle of rank $r$: a connection, its curvature 2-form (antisymmetric in $X, Y$), and the local curvature matrix in some frame.

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                          noncomputable def chernFormOfConnection {𝕜 : Type u_1} [NontriviallyNormedField 𝕜] {E : Type u_2} [NormedAddCommGroup E] [NormedSpace 𝕜 E] {H : Type u_3} [TopologicalSpace H] {I : ModelWithCorners 𝕜 E H} {M : Type u_4} [TopologicalSpace M] [ChartedSpace H M] {F : Type u_5} [NormedAddCommGroup F] [NormedSpace 𝕜 F] {V : MType u_6} [TopologicalSpace (Bundle.TotalSpace F V)] [(x : M) → AddCommGroup (V x)] [(x : M) → Module 𝕜 (V x)] [(x : M) → TopologicalSpace (V x)] [∀ (x : M), IsTopologicalAddGroup (V x)] [∀ (x : M), ContinuousSMul 𝕜 (V x)] [FiberBundle F V] {r : } {R : Type u_7} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] (data : VectorBundleChernData 𝕜 E H I M F V r R) :
                          R

                          The total Chern form of a connection, computed from its curvature matrix via the $\frac{i}{2\pi}$-normalized $\det(I + \cdot)$ formula.

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                            theorem totalChernFormWithScalar_rank_one {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin 1) (Fin 1) R) :
                            totalChernFormWithScalar curvMatrix = 1 + (algebraMap R) chernScalar * curvMatrix 0 0

                            For a line bundle (rank 1), the total Chern form reduces to $1 + \frac{i}{2\pi} R^\nabla$.

                            class IsGradedFormAlgebra (R : Type u_1) [CommRing R] :
                            Type u_1

                            A graded form algebra: a commutative ring with a notion of homogeneous degree-$p$ elements, projection maps onto each degree, and the usual graded multiplication property. Used to encode the bidegree structure of $\Omega^\bullet(M)$.

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                              def CurvatureMatrixDegreeTwo {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) :

                              Assertion that the curvature matrix has every entry of homogeneous degree 2 (i.e., a 2-form).

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                                def chernClass {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) (j : ) :
                                R

                                The $j$-th Chern class form $c_j$: the degree-$2j$ component of the total Chern form.

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                                  theorem chernClass_homog {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) (j : ) (_ht : IsGradedFormAlgebra.IsHomog t 0) (_hR : CurvatureMatrixDegreeTwo curvMatrix) :

                                  The $j$-th Chern class form is homogeneous of degree $2j$.

                                  theorem totalChernForm_odd_proj_zero {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) (ht : IsGradedFormAlgebra.IsHomog t 0) (hR : CurvatureMatrixDegreeTwo curvMatrix) (p : ) (hp : ¬Even p) :

                                  The total Chern form has no components of odd degree, since the curvature is a 2-form.

                                  theorem totalChernForm_decomposition {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) (ht : IsGradedFormAlgebra.IsHomog t 0) (hR : CurvatureMatrixDegreeTwo curvMatrix) :
                                  totalChernForm curvMatrix t = j : Fin (r + 1), chernClass curvMatrix t j

                                  Decomposition of the total Chern form: $c(E,\nabla) = \sum_{j=0}^{r} c_j(E,\nabla)$.

                                  Assertion that the Chern normalization scalar $\frac{i}{2\pi}$ has graded degree 0.

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                                    theorem totalChernFormWithScalar_odd_proj_zero {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (ht : ChernScalarHomogZero) (hR : CurvatureMatrixDegreeTwo curvMatrix) (p : ) (hp : ¬Even p) :

                                    Odd-degree components of the Chern form (with $\frac{i}{2\pi}$ normalization) vanish.

                                    noncomputable def chernClassWithScalar {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (j : ) :
                                    R

                                    The $j$-th Chern class form with the $\frac{i}{2\pi}$ normalization: the degree-$2j$ part of $\det(I + \frac{i}{2\pi} R^\nabla)$.

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                                      theorem totalChernFormWithScalar_decomposition {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (ht : ChernScalarHomogZero) (hR : CurvatureMatrixDegreeTwo curvMatrix) :
                                      totalChernFormWithScalar curvMatrix = j : Fin (r + 1), chernClassWithScalar curvMatrix j

                                      Decomposition $c(E,\nabla) = \sum_{j=0}^{r} c_j(E,\nabla)$ with $\frac{i}{2\pi}$ normalization.

                                      theorem chernClassWithScalar_homog {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] [Algebra R] [IsGradedFormAlgebra R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (j : ) (ht : ChernScalarHomogZero) (hR : CurvatureMatrixDegreeTwo curvMatrix) :

                                      The normalized $j$-th Chern class form is homogeneous of degree $2j$.

                                      def firstChernForm {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) :
                                      R

                                      The first Chern form $c_1 = t \cdot \mathrm{tr}(\Omega)$, the linear-in-$t$ term of $\det(I + t\,\Omega)$.

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                                        def topChernForm {r : } {R : Type u_1} [CommRing R] (curvMatrix : Matrix (Fin r) (Fin r) R) (t : R) :
                                        R

                                        The top Chern form $c_r = t^r \det(\Omega)$, which on a compact oriented manifold equals the Euler class $e(E) \in H^{2r}(M, \mathbb{Z})$.

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                                          structure LineBundleConnection (Ω : Type u_1) (VF : Type u_2) [inst : DifferentialFormSpace Ω VF] :
                                          Type u_1

                                          A connection on a line bundle, given locally by a connection 1-form $A \in \Omega^1$ with curvature $R^\nabla = dA \in \Omega^2$ automatically closed.

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                                            noncomputable def firstChernClassRep {Ω : Type u_1} {VF : Type u_2} [DifferentialFormSpace Ω VF] (curvature : Ω 2) :
                                            Ω 2

                                            A representative of the first Chern class of a line bundle: $c_1(L) = [\frac{1}{2\pi} R^\nabla]$.

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                                              @[simp]
                                              theorem firstChernClassRep_def {Ω : Type u_1} {VF : Type u_2} [DifferentialFormSpace Ω VF] (curvature : Ω 2) :
                                              firstChernClassRep curvature = (1 / (2 * Real.pi)) curvature

                                              Unfolding lemma: $c_1$ representative equals $\frac{1}{2\pi} R^\nabla$ by definition.

                                              noncomputable def firstChernClassOfLineBundle {Ω : Type u_1} {VF : Type u_2} [DifferentialFormSpace Ω VF] (conn : LineBundleConnection Ω VF) :
                                              Ω 2

                                              The first Chern class representative of a line bundle connection: $\frac{1}{2\pi} R^\nabla$.

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                                                theorem first_chern_form_closed {Ω : Type u_1} {VF : Type u_2} [inst : DifferentialFormSpace Ω VF] (curvature : Ω 2) (hcurv : DifferentialFormSpace.d VF curvature = 0) :

                                                The first Chern class form $\frac{1}{2\pi} R^\nabla$ is closed if the curvature is closed.

                                                structure HolomorphicFrameData (R : Type u_1) [Ring R] :
                                                Type u_1

                                                Data for the Chern connection in a holomorphic frame: a connection form $A$ with the decomposition $d = \partial + \bar\partial$ and the identity $\partial A = -A \wedge A$.

                                                • A : R
                                                • d : RR
                                                • del : RR
                                                • dbar : RR
                                                • d_eq_del_add_dbar (x : R) : self.d x = self.del x + self.dbar x
                                                • del_A_eq : self.del self.A = -(self.A * self.A)
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                                                  def HolomorphicFrameData.mk_from_metric {R : Type u_1} [Ring R] (d del dbar : RR) (h_inv del_h : R) (h_decomp : ∀ (x : R), d x = del x + dbar x) (h_inv_deriv : del h_inv = -(h_inv * del_h * h_inv)) (h_leib : del (h_inv * del_h) = del h_inv * del_h + h_inv * del del_h) (h_del_sq : del del_h = 0) :

                                                  Construction of holomorphic frame data starting from a Hermitian metric, with connection form $A = h^{-1} \partial h$.

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                                                    opaque IsHolomorphicBundle :
                                                    Type u_1 → Prop

                                                    Opaque predicate stating that a vector bundle admits a holomorphic structure.

                                                    opaque DbarNablaSqZero :
                                                    Type u_1 → Prop

                                                    Opaque predicate stating that $\bar\partial_\nabla^2 = 0$ for the $(0,1)$-part of $\nabla$.

                                                    opaque CurvR02Vanishes :
                                                    Type u_1 → Prop

                                                    Opaque predicate stating that the $(0,2)$-part of the curvature vanishes.

                                                    A vector bundle admits a holomorphic structure iff $\bar\partial_\nabla^2 = 0$.

                                                    The condition $\bar\partial_\nabla^2 = 0$ is equivalent to the vanishing of the $(0,2)$-part of the curvature.

                                                    structure HolomorphicVectorBundle (BundleValuedForms : Type u_1) [(q : ) → AddCommGroup (BundleValuedForms q)] :
                                                    Type u_1

                                                    A holomorphic vector bundle: a graded space of bundle-valued forms equipped with a Dolbeault operator $\bar\partial_E$ satisfying $\bar\partial_E^2 = 0$.

                                                    • dbar_E {q : } : BundleValuedForms qBundleValuedForms (q + 1)
                                                    • dbar_add {q : } (σ τ : BundleValuedForms q) : self.dbar_E (σ + τ) = self.dbar_E σ + self.dbar_E τ
                                                    • dbar_squared {q : } (σ : BundleValuedForms q) : self.dbar_E (self.dbar_E σ) = 0
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                                                      structure DolbeaultCohomologyWithCoefficients {BundleValuedForms : Type u_1} [(q : ) → AddCommGroup (BundleValuedForms q)] (E : HolomorphicVectorBundle BundleValuedForms) (q : ) :
                                                      Type u_1

                                                      A $\bar\partial_E$-closed form of bidegree $(0,q)$ with values in $E$, representing a Dolbeault cohomology class in $H^{0,q}(M, E)$.

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                                                        def DolbeaultCohomologyWithCoefficients.Equiv {BundleValuedForms : Type u_1} [(q : ) → AddCommGroup (BundleValuedForms q)] {E : HolomorphicVectorBundle BundleValuedForms} {q : } (c₁ c₂ : DolbeaultCohomologyWithCoefficients E (q + 1)) :

                                                        Cohomological equivalence: two $(0,q+1)$-forms represent the same Dolbeault class iff their difference is $\bar\partial_E$-exact.

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                                                          structure ChernConnection (R : Type u_1) [Ring R] :
                                                          Type u_1

                                                          The Chern connection on a Hermitian holomorphic bundle: the unique connection compatible with the Hermitian metric $h$ whose $(0,1)$-part is $\bar\partial$, with connection form $A = h^{-1} \partial h$.

                                                          • del : RR
                                                          • dbar : RR
                                                          • d : RR
                                                          • h : R
                                                          • h_inv : R
                                                          • h_inv_left : self.h_inv * self.h = 1
                                                          • h_inv_right : self.h * self.h_inv = 1
                                                          • d_decomp (x : R) : self.d x = self.del x + self.dbar x
                                                          • A : R
                                                          • A_eq : self.A = self.h_inv * self.del self.h
                                                          • metric_compat : self.h * self.A = self.del self.h
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