The Sobolev weight ⟨ξ⟩^s = (1 + |ξ|²)^(s/2) on the dual variable ξ, used to define
the Sobolev space H^s via the Fourier transform.
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The Sobolev weight is strictly positive everywhere.
Membership in the Sobolev space H^s of order s: a tempered distribution u belongs to
H^s if its Fourier transform 𝓕 u is represented (against Schwartz test functions) by an L²
function divided by the Sobolev weight ⟨ξ⟩^s.
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Proposition 9.8 (Sobolev duality): the antilinear isometric isomorphism
H^{-s} ≃ (H^s)* identifying the Sobolev space of order -s with the continuous dual of H^s.